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Methods: We estimated the population attributable fraction and number of CHD events attributable to residential traffic density, proximity to a major road, elemental carbon (EC), and PM2.5 compared with the expected disease burden if the population were exposed to background levels of air pollution.

Objective: We investigated the CHD burden from NRAP and compared it with the PM2.5 burden in the California South Coast Air Basin for 2008 and under a compact urban growth greenhouse gas reduction scenario for 2035.

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Results: In 2008, an estimated 1,300 CHD deaths (6.8% of the total) were attributable to traffic density, 430 deaths (2.4%) to residential proximity to a major road, and 690 (3.7%) to EC. There were 1,900 deaths (10.4%) attributable to PM2.5. Although reduced exposures in 2035 should result in smaller fractions of CHD attributable to traffic density, EC, and PM2.5, the numbers of estimated deaths attributable to each of these exposures are anticipated to increase to 2,500, 900, and 2,900, respectively, due to population aging. A similar pattern of increasing NRAP-attributable CHD hospitalizations was estimated to occur between 2008 and 2035.

The Police STAR Fund was originally launched in 2020 by the Home Office. Since taking over the fund in 2021/22, OPCSA has supported over 80 projects across 26 forces and 5 PCC offices, alongside 16 national projects with the College of Policing, Forensic Capability Network, the National Crime Agency, the NPCC and the Home Office; totalling over £11m of funding.

F. Lurmann and B. Penfold are employed by Sonoma Technology Inc., Petaluma, California. The other authors declare they have no other actual or potential competing financial interests.

Conclusion: These results suggest that a large burden of preventable CHD mortality is attributable to NRAP and is likely to increase even with decreasing exposure by 2035 due to vulnerability of an aging population. Greenhouse gas reduction strategies developed to mitigate climate change offer unexploited opportunities for air pollution health co-benefits.

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Projects funded under the programme join our Police STAR fund community. Alongside providing funding, OPCSA also offer a range of opportunities to help support Police STAR fund project teams to innovate, network and disseminate their work. Projects funded under the programme have gone on to receive national recognition and funding from other sources to support further innovation development and rollout.

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A range of projects from across the NPCC S&T Strategy service lines have been funded through the Police STAR Fund. These include Rapid Video Response (RVR) for domestic assault, innovation to support digital forensics, the use of AI to intelligently triage 101 call requests, and the development of prototypes to improve mark retrieval from knives. A list of projects funded can be found on our ‘Police STAR Fund Projects’ page.

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Background: Several studies have estimated the burden of coronary heart disease (CHD) mortality from ambient regional particulate matter ≤ 2.5 μm (PM2.5). The burden of near-roadway air pollution (NRAP) generally has not been examined, despite evidence of a causal link with CHD.