Always use batteries of the same type, capacity and brand. Never mix primary batteries (lithium metal non-rechargeable cells) with rechargeable batteries (lithium-ion cells). Do not combine full capacity/charged batteries and empty/uncharged batteries together in the same torch or device.

The Z-10 emphasizes extended-range operation. The WZ-9A turboshaft engine allows the aircraft to fly at a maximum speed of 290 km/h (160 kn) and cruise speed of 230 km/h (120 kn). The internal tank supports a range of 800 km (430 nmi; 500 mi).[25]

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I recently purchased the Nebo HL1000 master series after owning one of the older styles for years, I like the new version with the battery having the usb c built-in and the run time for battery life is amazing. Anyone in the market for a well built very sturdy and professional looking head torch for these dark mornings and nights then this is the light for you. I own 3 different Nebo lights and would not switch to any other now.

Rechargeable lithium-ion cells can be one of several different chemistries, each of which has different characteristics. These are, starting with the most common, ICR (LiCoO2) charged to 4.2 V, IMR (LiMn) also charged to 4.2 V, and IFR (LiFePO4), which is the exception, being charged to only 3.6 V.

The Z-10 has a modular weapon system. The system uses the GJV289A standard, the Chinese equivalent of the MIL-STD-1553B databus architecture, which enables weaponry of Chinese, Soviet, and Western origin to be adopted by the Z-10.[14] Offensive weaponry consists of machine guns, cannons, rockets, and missiles. Internal armament consists of a gun mount installed on the chin of the aircraft with 180° of horizontal traverse.[25] Two stub wings provide attachment points for external ordnance or gun pods.[26][41] Each stub wings have two hardpoints,[26] for a total of four, and each hardpoint can carry up to 4 missiles, for a total of 16 missiles.[1]

The Z-10 can launch a great variety of unguided and guided rockets. Under the stub wings, a total of four rocket pods can be mounted on the hardpoints. Options include the 19-tube 57 mm (2.244 in) rocket pod[46], 7-tube 70 mm (2.756 in) Fire Snake rocket pod[47][23] with FS70A (GR-5) 70 mm (2.756 in) guided rocket[46][24] or FS70B 70 mm (2.756 in) air burst fragmentation rocket[48][49], or 19-tube 70 mm (2.756 in) unguided rocket pod with anti-infantry fragmentation rockets.[23] 7-tube 90 mm (3.543 in) rocket pod is also available,[46][50] capable of firing the larger FS90A 90 mm (3.543 in) guided rocket[46] or Tianjian 90 mm (3.543 in) rocket.[51] Aside from the common calibers, the helicopter can support rockets from 20 mm (0.787 in) to 130 mm (5.118 in).[14]

The lithium-ion cells that Torch Direct supply are high quality "protected cells" and have a nominal voltage of 3.6/3.7 V and are charged at approximately 4.2 V per cell.

Our grandson had suggested that money towards a acoustic guitar would be helpful however we wanted something special to comenorate the day. Forget about cufflinks/ fountain pens etc. It was the offer of engraving that caught my eye and with the possibility of travelling in the future, what could be more useful than a torch. Lovely presentation box too!! Great idea and really appreciated!!

Self-Discharge: All cells gradually loose power, this is normal and is referred to as self-discharge. Think of this like a bucket of water with a small hole in it, slowly leaking water. If you use the cell quickly after charging it, you will get almost all of its capacity, but if you leave it for a long time, you might even find it is empty. Typically li-ion cells lose 5% in the first 24 hours, then 1-2% per month if stored at 21°C. Protection circuits add to the self-discharge rate by around 3% per month. Self-discharge increase substantially with temperature, doubling for every 10°C higher temperature.

The People's Liberation Army Ground Force (PLAGF) established its army aviation units in January 1988. The unit used helicopters transferred from People's Liberation Army Air Force (PLAAF), including Mil Mi-4, Harbin Z-5, Mil Mi-8, and Aérospatiale Gazelle. By the mid-1980s, the Chinese decided to field dedicated attack helicopters. The brief honeymoon period between China and the West provided China opportunities to evaluate Agusta A129 Mangusta, AH-1 Cobra, and BGM-71 TOW missiles. However, the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre and the proceeding arms embargo prevented many deals from going through. Nevertheless, China successfully imported or licensed aircraft types such as Changhe Z-8, Harbin Z-9, Sikorsky S-70, Mi-17, and Aerospatiale AS332 Super Puma.[8]

'Nominal Voltage', 'Capacity / mAh', 'Energy / Wh', 'Power / W', chemistry, maximum charge/discharge rate 'C-rate', flat-top, button-top, protection, self-discharge, ageing and internal resistance; All of these are a li-ion cell's vital statistics, but the reality is that in most instances they will not be something you need to worry too much about.

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The Z-10's engine air intake is protected by a metal mesh to prevent foreign objects from being sucked in.[14] Newer variants can be installed with integrated inlet particle separators (IPS) for engine intake filtration, preventing harmful solid particulates such as sand and dust to damage the critical propulsion components.[20] The Z-10's engine system is fitted with the Hover Infrared Suppression System (HIRSS), mixing in the engine exhaust with cold air to reduce the helicopter's infrared characteristic.[25] Later serial production of Z-10 modified the engine nozzle from sideway-facing to the upward-facing direction, further reducing the signature from heat radiation.[22][20][28]

Cell Ageing: Lithium-ion cells degrade over time. This degrading results in the capacity becoming reduced, and is caused by cell ageing. Cells age simply through normal use, but ageing is also affected by the conditions of storage. Cells have a limited lifespan of 300-500 cycles (a cycle being one theoretical full discharge and charge) after which their capacity becomes reduced to the point of being unusable. Depending on the level of discharge, the number of theoretical cycles the cell can provide changes. For example a cell taken to 100% depth of discharge (DoD) should last for 300-500 cycles, but a cell taken to only 50% DoD will be able to provide 1200-1500 cycles. Cell ageing is increased by high DoD, storage and usage at high temperatures, and if the cell is stored at a high state of charge.

Protection: If you are reading this guide, buy protected cells. Protection reduces the cell's exposure to potentially damaging conditions (so therefore you too). However, you should consider cell protection to be an added safety feature and not a replacement for careful and responsible cell use. It is only a safety net, and safety nets can fail too.

Nominal Voltage: To calculate the nominal voltage, we take a fully charged cell that measures 4.20 V and then fully discharge it to 3 V at a rate of 0.5C while plotting the average voltage. For the cells that we supply, the average voltage comes to 3.6 V/cell.

When using li-ion cells it is important that you consider the factors mentioned previously about cell ageing and proper charging. In addition to that you also need to understand that when operating lights that use multiple cells, this requires additional preparation and considerations.

C-rate (or Charge rate): Is used to express the charge or discharge current (in 'C') relative to the cell's capacity (in Ah). A rate of 1C refers to a charge or discharge current equal to the Ah rating of the cell, so for a 3400 mAh cell, a C-rate of 1C is a current of 3400 mA or 3.4 A. The current in amps represented by 1C is specific to each cell, so 1C for a 2600 mAh cell is 2.6 A and for a 3400 mAh cell is 3.4 A. C can be expressed as a multiple or fraction of 1C. For a 3400 mAh cell, 1C = 3.4 A, 2C = 6.8 A, 3C = 10.2 A etc. and similarly C/2 or 0.5C = 1.7 A, C/5 or 0.2C = 0.68 A, C/10 or 0.1C = 0.34 A etc. A general rule of thumb for li-ion cells is a maximum 2C for discharge and 0.5C-1C for charging, but you should check this for the cells you buy.

The Changhe Z-10 (lit. 'helicopter-10') is a Chinese medium-weight, twin-turboshaft attack helicopter built by the Changhe Aircraft Industries Corporation for the People's Liberation Army Ground Force. Designed by 602nd Aircraft Design Institute of Aviation Industry Corporation of China (AVIC) and Kamov Design Bureau,[1] the aircraft is intended primarily for anti-tank warfare missions with secondary air-to-air combat capability.

The Z-10 prototype was powered by two Pratt & Whitney Canada PT6C-67C turboshaft engines,[29] which is equipped with Full Authority Digital Engine Control (FADEC) system and sports a maximum continuous power of 1,142 kW (1,531 shp).[30] The early batches of Z-10 was powered by domestic Zhuzhou WZ-9 or WZ-9A turboshaft engine, providing 957–1,000 kW (1,283–1,341 shp) of power.[25][31] The reduced performance of WZ-9 turboshaft engines prevented Z-10 to carry its maximum payload of 16 anti-tank guided missiles.[1]

The air-to-surface missiles deployed by the Z-10 include HJ-8, HJ-9, HJ-10,[14] AKD-9, and AKD-10 anti-tank missiles.[33] Early AKD-10 utilizes semi-active laser (SAL) guidance, while later variants reportedly incorporate millimeter wave (MMW) seekers.[33] The Z-10 can also fire BA-21 long-range anti-tank missiles with a millimeter wave/semi-active laser dual model guidance seeker.[33] The missile can be fired from Z-10 and data-linked by millimeter-wave radar mounted on friendly platforms.[43] Aside from anti-tank missiles, the Z-10 can also carry SW6 air-launched drones,[28] CM-501GA none-line-of-sight air-to-surface missiles[44] CM-501XA loitering munitions,[28] ET60 324 mm (12.8 in) lightweight torpedo, with the last one providing Z-10 with useful, albeit limited, naval warfare capabilities.[28] The helicopter is compatible with GB25 and GB50 guided bombs.[32]

A lithium-ion cell (also known as a Li-ion cell or battery) is a member of a family of rechargeable battery types in which lithium ions move from the negative electrode to the positive electrode during discharge and back when charging. Lithium-ion cells use an intercalated lithium compound as the electrode material, compared to the metallic lithium used in a non-rechargeable lithium metal battery.

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Power / W (Watts): This is the work rate the cell is capable of, and is derived from the Voltage x Current. Cells are not usually specified based on power as this varies over the discharge cycle.

Other common sizes are the 16340 (also known as RCR123), the 14500 (AA size but 4.2 V), 17670 (frequently used instead of to two CR123A cells), and 10440 (AAA size but 4.2 V).

Each pilot also wears a helmet-mounted sight (HMS) developed by the 613th Research Institute, similar to the Integrated Helmet and Display Sighting System (IHADSS) on the AH-64 Apache.[14] The helmet sight is fully integrated with FCS to control guided and unguided munitions and display onboard navigation information.[38] The pilots can slave the sensor suite and 23 mm (0.91 in) autocannon to their helmets, controlling the sensors and autocannon direction by turning their heads.[25] For all-weather operation, the helmet visor can be attached with a binocular-like night vision goggles (NVG),[39][38] which was later replaced with integrated NVGs that can display night-vision image directly inside the visor.[35][38]

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Primary lithium metal cells are nominally 3 V, and have several features that make them a good choice for certain applications. They have a long shelf life, meaning they can be stored for up to 10 years and still work well. Primary cells will also operate down to much lower temperatures and higher temperatures than rechargeable cells, typically -40°C to +85°C. The most common primary lithium metal cell is the CR123A thanks to its widespread use in photographic equipment.

Nicknames of characters in the Chinese classic novel Water Margin have been used to name Z-10 and its light-weight counterpart, the Harbin Z-19 by Chinese Army Aviation Corps; Z-10 is called Fierce Thunderbolt (Pi Li Huo, 霹雳火), the nickname of Qin Ming, while Z-19 is called Black Whirlwind (Hei Xuan Feng, 黑旋风), the nickname of Li Kui.[9][10][11]

China also secured assistance from Eurocopter France for the rotor system and AgustaWestland in 1997 for the transmission system in 1998.[5] Pratt & Whitney Canada and Hamilton Sundstrand secretly provided PT6C-67C engines and digital engine control systems to aid the programs, leading to them receiving investigations and penalties from the United States government.[6][7][15]

Once considered to be an 'exotic chemistry', only for those-in-the-know, lithium metal or lithium-ion cells are now a mainstream power source. Many household electrical or electronic devices will be using lithium metal or lithium-ion batteries. This is thanks to their high energy density and power output. Of course these are exactly the characteristics you want in a power source for your portable lighting requirements, so read on to find out more.

Following a number of incidents which have occurred with lithium metal and lithium-ion cells in transit, there are now many restrictions in place regarding transporting these types of cell. For example if travelling by air, please check with your agent or airline prior to departure and check current regulations. We follow all of the rules set by the Royal Mail or couriers that we use, packages are packed in accordance with current legislation. If you need to send back cells to us, then please contact us prior to shipping them, it is your responsibility to ensure that items are sent in accordance with the rules, we can advise on this.

There was also debate in China about whether the PLAGF or PLAAF should operate attack helicopters. Eventually, the PLAGF won and began to induct armed helicopters based on the Harbin Z-9 design. The use of the Z-9WA modification helped China realize the requirement for a dedicated attack helicopter platform.[8]

The main disadvantages of primary cells are that they are relatively expensive to buy and cannot deliver very high currents.

Need to avoid overt naked flames in surgery environment, yet need to be able to light assorted gas-powered devices. This is fantastic! Very efficient, easily charged, quick and efficient lighter without the potential risks associated with gas charging. The extendable feature is very practical, compared with ordinary lighters which usually require tipping upside down- while the flame burns upwards! Delivery from Torch Direct was, as always, very quick and easy.

David Donald of Aviation International News claimed the Z-10 had a universal engine bay capable of fitting various types of engines, including Ukrainian Motor Sich TV3-117.[5] However, Chinese sources indicated the TV3-117 is incompatible with the Z-10's engine bay due to the driveshaft shape and prototypes were fitted with either Pratt & Whitney PT6C-67C or Chinese-built Turbomeca Makila turboshaft engines, whereas the final version uses WZ-9 turboshaft engines due to its fully indigenous origin.[14]

The lithium metal cells that Torch Direct supply are very high quality, made by Panasonic or Duracell and have in-built thermal protection, the output voltage of these cells is 3 V.

For other types of payloads, the Z-10 can carry a KG300G self-defense electronic warfare pod, providing organic survivability for frontline ELINT and ESM defense.[52] External fuel tanks be attached to further its operational and ferry ranges.[53] The helicopter can also underslung all-terrain vehicles (ATV) for special operation insertion support.[28] The Z-10 can underslung around 3 tonnes.[28]

Energy / Wh (Watt hours): Energy can be expressed as Power expended over a one hour period using Wh. Previously rarely quoted, this is now part of the UN38.3 criteria for li-ion cells, so is increasingly being included in the cell specification. This is a better indication of stored energy than the capacity of a cell.

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Although these little torches seem expensive they are worth it !!! I have several, bigger and more powerful, but these are so much more practical !!! I live in the country and need a torch, but not one that is cumbersome. Keeping one or two of these in holsters is the answer !!! ... I often go walkies at night and carrying an huge torch is just silly.

The autocannon on the serial production Z-10 is the 23 mm (0.91 in) PX-10A automatic chain gun,[25][42][23] but the aircraft can also mount 20 mm (0.79 in),[28] 25 mm (0.98 in),[14] and 30 mm (1.2 in) autocannons,[14][26][1] with some of them marketed for export customers.

A good bright little torch that looks like it'll stand up to getting a few knocks. Has a good positive switch that shouldn't switch on accidentally.

The main air-to-air missile deployed by the Z-10 is the TY-90,[33][24] a missile specifically designed for use by helicopters in aerial combat.[25] The TY-90 is much heavier than the MANPAD missiles usually carried by helicopters, providing better lethality and range.[45]

Incorrect charging can result in anything from simply shortening the lifespan, to hazards such as fire or even exploding cells, so it is vital that you use the correct type of charger for the rechargeable cells. There are many different chargers varying features and charge rates. For your own safety, you should follow the instructions included with the charger with regard to suitable cell sizes and charge rates. If cells are in regular use, then it is not really worth worrying too much about state of charge, and just store them fully charged and ready to go, however if the cells are to be stored for longer periods and are not used regularly, then you can reduce cell degradation by storing them only partially charged. Cells should also be charged at room temperature or cooler (but not in a freezer). Avoid cheap no-name chargers and only use approved chargers from trusted brands such as those sold by Torch Direct and you won't go wrong.

A lithium metal cell is a non-rechargeable cell which uses lithium metal, or a lithium compound, as the anode in the cell. The most common type of lithium metal cell used in consumer applications uses metallic lithium as anode and manganese dioxide as cathode, with a salt of lithium dissolved in an organic solvent.

Have got many o light products and this one doesn't dissapoint either , great service also from torch direct will order again from these peeps

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In March 2014, the Z-10 helicopter began deck trials with a People's Liberation Army Navy Type 072A-class landing ship. The purpose may be to qualify the helicopter on ships to provide air support for landing parties launched from the ship. Type 072A-class ships have a helipad but no hangar or support facilities for the aircraft on board. The Z-10 may also be qualified on the larger Type 071 amphibious transport dock.[16]

Capacity / mAh (milliampere hours): Refers to how much charge a cell holds. It literally refers to the cell being theoretically able to provide, for example, 3400 mA for one hour (or 1700 mA for 2 hours etc). The higher the number the longer the cell will power the light for. For example a common 18650 will be 2600 mAh, but a newer design may be 3400 mAh. The 3400 mAh cell will be able to run the light for around 30% longer.

Other navigation instruments of Z-10 include laser gyrocompass, radio altimeter, Doppler radar, inertial navigation, satellite navigation, and identification friend or foe (IFF) systems.[26][40]

The Z-10 was one of the contenders to replace Pakistan's Bell AH-1F Cobra attack helicopters. In 2015, Pakistan acquired three Z-10s for trials,[17] but ultimately rejected the offer due to the inadequate WZ-9 engine.[18] After the failed bid, Chinese engineers began to upgrade to the Z-10 platform to improve its competitiveness.[18] A new prototype, designated Z-10ME, emerged in 2018 with a larger ammunition magazine size, new intake filtration systems, and new missile approach warning system (MAWS).[19] In the same year, more equipment was added to the prototype, such as a more powerful WZ-9C turboshaft[18] with 1,200 kW (1,600 shp) power, new infrared signature-reducing engine exhaust nozzle, appliqué graphene-based armor plates, etc.[19][20]

There are a few aspects that need to be considered when storing cells, that of short circuit prevention, cell degradation, and self-discharge. When carrying cells, if you were to place them loose in a pocket containing coins or keys, there is a high probability of the coins or keys creating a short circuit. It is far better to carry cells in insulating containers that are designed for this purpose.

Lithium-ion rechargeable cells Rechargeable lithium ion cells (or li-ion) provide the user with another option, and many advantages over primary cells. Higher power output (higher current and voltage), higher capacity and cheap to use (more expensive to buy, but the cost per charge cycle is much lower). They cannot be used at extremes of temperature, and require some care in their use, but otherwise provide excellent performance for most users.

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Flat-top/Button top: For best compatibility choose button top cells. This is the type where there is a short metal post protruding from the positive terminal (just as you see on normal AA cells). Flat top cells do not have this protrusion and the positive and negative terminals of the cell can look very similar.

The most common lithium-ion cell is the 18650 (the numbers define the physical dimensions and shape as follows: 18mm in diameter, 65mm long and the 0 means it has a round cross-section) which is due to its widespread use in laptop battery packs. As it happens, a single 18650 is a good size for a torch being similar in size to two lithium metal CR123A cells but having more stored energy.

The Z-10 was one of the contenders to replace Pakistan's Bell AH-1F Cobra attack helicopters. In 2015, Pakistan acquired three Z-10s for trials,[54] but they rejected the offer due to the inadequate WZ-9 engine. Pakistan then chose Turkey's AH-1Z; however, contracts to acquire the AH-1Z and then the TAI/AgustaWestland T129 ATAK (which uses the American LHTEC CTS800–4A engine) fell through because of worsening relations with the United States.[55] In January 2022, negotiations to acquire the Z-10ME were underway;[56] the Z-10ME had been identified as a fallback option by February 2020.[55] In June 2022, Pakistan's deal with T129 ATAK was reportedly canceled, and the Pakistan government was seeking the acquisition of Z-10ME.[57] Pakistan military reportedly received the first batch of Z-10ME in 2023.[24]

The stepped tandem cockpit houses two pilots. The front pilot primarily controls the flight maneuver, while the back pilot handles the weapon system.[35][36] Both pilots have identical flight instrumentation,[35] serving as backups to each other, and both are capable of flight control and weapons operation.[26] Inside the cockpit is the digital flight instrument,[25][26] with the fly-by-wire Hands-On Collective And Stick (HOCAS) flight control.[14] Each pilot has two LCD multi-function displays (MFD) and multiple small displays for other information.[25][26][37] An additional holographic heads-up display (HUD) is provided for the front pilot.[14]

I must confess I’m a torch fan, I have several high powered light, both halogen and led. But recently my fenix handheld died after around 7 years of use. I tend to have a need for a torch that can run on common batteries, give a long runtime of 30 hours plus’s on a low setting which I use to read in bed. lol I don’t want to disturb my wife so blasting the room into daylight gets me in trouble, then it needs to allow me to see around the gardens and property with a concentrated beam for distance and clarity without disturbing the neighbours. It needs to fit in my pocket and preferably not roll off a table as for some reason my shelves seem to not be level. I’ve had a P7 for a good amount of time, I’m guessing around 9 years but on its low setting it’s still not ideal to read because of glare. This torch is fitting my requirements though I prefer the old method of focusing by pushing and pulling the head over twisting That might be just me? Early days but the quality seems to be good, with a sturdy feel and improved grip. There are many torches out on the market, perhaps too many. However if my requirements are same as yours you could do far worse.

All the functions of an excellent head torch. Perfect for coarse fishing in all conditions. It is comfortable to wear and is smart to look at.

This guide is copyrighted © Torch Direct Limited. The guide is not concerned with the special case of lithium AAAs, AAs and 9 V PP3s, which are designed to be a direct replacement for standard alkaline cells. In these lithium cells, iron disulphide is used as the cathode material which gives an output voltage around 1.5 to 1.7 V.

In 1998, the 602nd Research Institute proposed a Special Armed Project to develop the final design, which became the Z-10.[8] Initially, the Z-10 project was planned to share its propulsion system with the CHM program, however, the two programs were separated and the Z-10 was prioritized to be completed first.[9] During the development in 2000, Denel also provided technical assistance to the project in the area of flight stability.[5] After the US government cut off engine sources from Pratt & Whitney, China turned to domestic replacements with lower thrust-rating, leading to further weight-saving design changes.[6] The replacement engine was the indigenous WZ-9 turboshaft.[5]

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Lithium-ion protected cells Due to the specific requirements of the lithium-ion rechargeable cell with regard to safety and operating conditions, most lithium-ion cells come fitted with protection circuits. Torch Direct only supply 'protected' cells.

Chemistry: ICR is the most common type and is the 'normal' li-ion chemistry. IMR is often called the 'safe' li-ion chemistry as it is far more resilient to over-discharge, and can support very high current draw thanks to its low internal resistance. IMR is generally not protected due to its 'safe' chemistry, but it has far lower capacities compared to ICR cells. IFR or LiFePO4 is a special lower nominal voltage li-ion which requires different chargers and is far less common.

The Z-10 features a tandem cockpit compartment at the front section.[14] The airframe bulges below the cockpit, extending backward and merging with the stub wings and tail boom, creating a distinctive ridge dividing the top and bottom half of the blended fuselage, which are both canted inward.[25] This slim, rhombic configuration ensures structural strength, increases internal volumes for equipment, and reduces the projected frontal profile and radar cross section (RCS).[25][26] The radar-absorbent material is applied to the fuselage, further reducing the radar reflection and providing a certain degree of low observability.[14]

Single cell lights are the simplest to power and you can use any cell regardless of state of charge. However, if you move into the realms of multi-cell lights, you need to be aware of cell configuration (Series or Parallel) and cell matching/balancing (state of charge and capacity).

The Z-10 features a comprehensive self-defense suite. The YH-96 electronic warfare system includes a set of infrared missile approach warning system (MAWS),[26] radar warning receivers (RWR) and laser warning receivers (LWR), both are connected with the 6×4 countermeasure dispensers (two on each side, four in total[20]) to release flare and chaff when incoming missiles are detected.[25] The system was upgraded on later variants with a different avionics layout,[18] replacing previously mounted radar and electro-optical sensors with integrated countermeasure suite, indicated by several active electronically scanned array (AESA) radar panels around the fuselage and two electro-optical suites mounted on the stub wings.[19] The radar panels are capable of passive signal detection, target searching, and active jamming, which also replace the function of missile approach warning system.[19][20][28] The electro-optical suites include new laser, infrared, ultraviolet warning receivers,[32][19] and directional infrared countermeasure systems (DIRCM) to defend against infrared homing (IR) missiles.[24]

The fuselage is primarily made of aluminum alloy, with 30 percent of the mass being composite materials.[3][14] The cockpit compartment is wrapped inside carbon fibers, while the canopy is protected by bulletproof glasses of 38 mm (1.5 in) in thickness.[14] Additional protection layers made of aluminum alloy and kevlar are applied to the bottom of the cockpit, side of the engine bays, and around the self-sealing fuel tank.[25] Due to engine limitations, the early model of Z-10 prioritizes protection in critical areas to reduce weight without sacrificing structural integrity, range, and payload. The honeycomb composite layer is applied to the fuselage bottom, while the landing gears and fuel tank are reinforced for improved crashworthiness.[25][26] In later serial production, graphene armor plates are mounted on the side of the cockpit and engine housing to further improve the protection level.[25][27][21]

I bought the add on supply as I was heading on an expedition which has been postponed but based on the torch it’s a win as the torch is amazing.

The plan to develop a medium-weight helicopter program was initiated in 1994 with the attack helicopter program formally beginning in 1998. The preliminary design of the aircraft was provided by Kamov, while prototyping was conducted by the 602nd Aircraft Design Institute of Aviation Industry Corporation of China (AVIC).[4][5][6][7] The Z-10 entered Chinese Army Aviation service in 2010.[8]

Primary Cells Lithium metal cells are disposable (non-rechargeable) and known as 'primary'. NEVER attempt to recharge a primary cell!

The rotor system consists of a single semirigid five-blade main rotor at the top and a four-blade tail rotor at the aft section.[14][25] The airfoil of the primary 95KT rotor blade[14] features a significant camber with swept tips, designed to reduce the blade length, vibration, and acoustic signature.[25] The tail rotor consists of four composite blades in an angled cruciform shape designed to reduce noise.[14][25] All blades are made with carbon fiber-wrapped spars with layered honeycomb composite for the skin, capable of sustaining damage against 12.7 mm (0.50 in) rounds.[14][25] The deicing device is fitted to the blades to increase flight safety in adverse weather.[25]

China began to develop the 6-ton class China Helicopter Medium (CHM) program in 1994, headed by the 602nd and 608th Research Institutes.[13] This program was later developed into Harbin Z-20.[8] In 1995, China commissioned Kamov to develop a preliminary design for the 6-ton helicopter, known as Project 941 internally. Project 941 was a large departure from traditional Soviet design, focusing entirely on the Chinese requirement. The concept was then handed to China for further development, which Kamov did not participate in.[4] Based on the concept, Chinese engineers developed prototypes[4] and iterate designs based on the testing results. The changes include modification on the airframe shapes to optimize radar cross section (RCS), changes on the engine bay shape to accommodate domestic engines, and the engine nozzle layout.[14]

Primary lithium cells contain lithium metal, as well as stored electrical charge, so must be kept away from water. Lithium metal is extremely hazardous and burns when in contact with water. Both lithium metal and lithium-ion cells must be considered fragile and should never be crushed, exposed to flames or excessive heat. They can become damaged if dropped and may leak or suffer from 'thermal runaway' if the damage creates and internal short circuit. Never use damaged cells.

The critical factor is that multiple cells need to work together, so when used in series, cells must be matched in capacity and voltage/state of charge. If this is not done one cell will become depleted first and may be 'reverse-charged' if the protection fails. When used in parallel, cells can be of mixed capacity, but must be at the same starting voltage/state of charge. The simplest rule to follow if using multiple cells is to ensure they are the same age, brand, capacity, condition and state of charge, and never mix cells you are not sure about.

Cell configuration is specified using a convention to clearly show how the cells are connected. Take a light that uses four cells, these could be connected in many different ways. 4S – all four cells in series (4.2 V x 4 = 16.8 V ; 3400 mAh x 1 = 3400 mAh), 4P – all four cells in parallel (4.2 V x 1 = 4.2 V ; 3400 mAh x 4 = 13600 mAh), 2S2P – two sets of '2 cells in series' in parallel (4.2 V x 2 = 8.4 V ; 3400 mAh x 2 = 6800 mAh). The 'P' multiplies the capacity, and the 'S' multiplies the Voltage.

The protection circuit stops the cell being damage by limiting the minimum and maximum cell voltage (over-discharge and over-charge protection), and maximum current draw/short circuit protection. Unprotected cells can provide slightly better performance, but you need to carefully monitor the cells yourself and ensure you use the bare cells safely. Protection takes the guesswork out of li-ion safety and helps prevent accidents.

The PLAGF's domestic Z-10 fleet were upgraded to the Z-10ME standard with the 1,200 kW (1,600 shp) engines, armor plates, and infrared suppresion nozzles.[21][22][23] Pakistan military eventually purchased the Z-10ME as well.[24]

In June 2012, the United States charged United Technologies and two of its subsidiaries, Pratt & Whitney Canada and Hamilton Sundstrand, of selling engine control software to China which aided in the development of the Changhe Z-10.[58] While the Chinese defense ministry denied that China bought or used the software, Pratt & Whitney Canada and Hamilton Sundstrand agreed to pay more than $75 million to the U.S. government to settle the charges.[59]

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Multiple engines were developed to upgrade the propulsion of the Z-10. China and European partners reportedly developed WZ-16.[25][1] WZ-9 was upgraded to WZ-9C with 1,200 kW (1,600 shp) of maximum power.[23] The engine was originally designed for export, but subsequently used to upgrade early Z-10s batches.[21] The WZ-9C provides 30% more power than the original version,[28] providing the Z-10 with enough lift for a variety of payloads.[23]

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When looking for a suitable cell, the first factor you need to consider is choosing the right size. Consult the instructions of the torch you want to use and check what it can use. For example a torch might commonly be able to use 1 x 18650 (rechargeable li-ion 4.2 V) or 2 x CR123A (primary 3.0 V), but be careful as if it states this, you cannot use 2 x RCR123 (as this gives 8.4 V), so your only choice of rechargeable li-ion in this instance is 1 x 18650.

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The primary sensor suite of Z-10 is the WXG1006 electro-optical (EO) package located at the nose section. The ball-shaped package contains a forward-looking infrared sensor, a TV camera, a laser rangefinder, and a laser designator.[33] The 218th Factory of China North Industries Group Corp developed the primary electro-optical fire control systems (FCS), which is inspired by French and Israeli systems but with locally programmed software.[14] The YH millimeter-wave radar was also developed for Z-10 to detect longer-range targets, and targets behind flog, smoke, and dust.[25][34] The mmWave radar can be installed on top of the main rotor mast.[34]