Comparison of intraoperative magnetic resonance imaging - or98 mri
But wars are only one of many reasons for the sex gap in life expectancy, which arises from a range of causes at different ages.9
Wrigley E.A. et al. (1997) English population history from family reconstitution 1580-1837, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
For example, 15-year-olds in 1816 in France had a life expectancy of 58 years. By 2021, the life expectancy of 15-year-olds increased to 83.
1lb. of Text paper = 1.48 gsm. Multiply each pound of text paper by 1.48.1 lb. of Cover paper = 2.708 gsm. Multiply each pound of cover paper by 2.708.
Barbieri, M., Wilmoth, J. R., Shkolnikov, V. M., Glei, D., Jasilionis, D., Jdanov, D., Boe, C., Riffe, T., Grigoriev, P., & Winant, C. (2015). Data Resource Profile: The Human Mortality Database (HMD). International Journal of Epidemiology, 44(5), 1549–1556. https://doi.org/10.1093/ije/dyv105
Alternatively, use this chart as a convenient tool to make conversions based on the most common paper weight conversions for lbs to gsm. Below are the paper weights Solo Printing provides in both Standard American Weight and Metric Weight.
The chart shows how the sex gap in life expectancy widened gradually over the twentieth century, largely because of the rise in smoking, especially among men.12 Since then, it has been narrowing again in many but not all countries.13
It’s often argued that life expectancy across the world has only increased because child mortality has fallen. But this is untrue. The data shows that life expectancy has increased at all ages.
Luy, M., & Wegner-Siegmundt, C. (2015). The impact of smoking on gender differences in life expectancy: More heterogeneous than often stated. The European Journal of Public Health, 25(4), 706–710. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurpub/cku211
Permanyer, I., & Scholl, N. (2019). Global trends in lifespan inequality: 1950-2015. PLOS ONE, 14(5), e0215742. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0215742
Use the paper weight conversion calculator below as a convenient tool to make paperweight conversions for lbs to gsm and gsm to lbs.
The gap begins at birth: newborn boys have a higher death rate than newborn girls, as they’re more vulnerable to diseases.10
This is part of what happened. Child mortality used to be high and contributed significantly to short lifespans in the past, and it has declined greatly over time.
These gains are also seen at older ages: someone who was 65 years old in 1816 would have a life expectancy of 76 years. By 2021, their life expectancy would be 86 years.
It continues in youth, when boys have a higher death rate than girls, typically due to violence and accidents. It’s sustained at older ages when men have higher death rates than women from chronic health conditions, which are partly due to higher rates of smoking, alcohol, and drug use.11
These wide differences are also reflected within countries. Countries with a lower average life expectancy also tend to have wider variations in lifespans.7
The authors, Oeppen and Vaupel, explain that improvements in life expectancy shouldn’t be thought of as the result of one-off breakthroughs but instead “a regular stream of continuing progress”.
At Solo Printing, we are happy to provide full-service commercial printing services spanning the United States and some areas of the Caribbean. For our clients who operate in grams, we want to make it as easy as possible for you to quantify the paperweight of your print project.
Our World In Data is a project of the Global Change Data Lab, a registered charity in England and Wales (Charity Number 1186433).
Oeppen, J., & Vaupel, J. W. (2002). Broken Limits to Life Expectancy. Science, 296(5570), 1029–1031. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1069675
Aburto, J. M., Villavicencio, F., Basellini, U., Kjærgaard, S., & Vaupel, J. W. (2020). Dynamics of life expectancy and life span equality. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 117(10), 5250–5259. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1915884117 Liou, L., Joe, W., Kumar, A., & Subramanian, S. V. (2020). Inequalities in life expectancy: An analysis of 201 countries, 1950–2015. Social Science & Medicine, 253, 112964. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2020.112964
As you can see, the chart also shows that the rise has not been completely constant. Major events – the World Wars, the 1918 Spanish flu pandemic, the HIV/AIDS epidemic, and the COVID-19 pandemic – have had a major impact on mortality rates and left a visible mark on life expectancy.
Janssen, F. (2020). Changing contribution of smoking to the sex differences in life expectancy in Europe, 1950–2014. European Journal of Epidemiology, 35(9), 835–841. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10654-020-00602-x
Licenses: All visualizations, data, and articles produced by Our World in Data are open access under the Creative Commons BY license. You have permission to use, distribute, and reproduce these in any medium, provided the source and authors are credited. All the software and code that we write is open source and made available via GitHub under the permissive MIT license. All other material, including data produced by third parties and made available by Our World in Data, is subject to the license terms from the original third-party authors.
Solo Printing is a provider of superior color lithography and is one of the nation’s largest minority-owned companies, servicing the United States and the Caribbean. From state-of-the-art prepress to the finest web and sheet-fed printing, Solo is well equipped to meet your printing needs.
Rather than slowing down, record life expectancy has risen steadily over time, by around one year every four years. By 2021, Hong Kong had the highest life expectancy of 88 years.
1) 20lb Bond/ 50lb Offset 75 gsm2) 24lb Bond/ 60lb Offset 90 gsm3) 28lb Bond/ 70lb Offset 105 gsm4) 32lb Bond/ 80lb Offset 120 gsm5) 50lb Book/Text/Offset 75 gsm6) 60lb Book/Text/Offset 90 gsm7) 70lb Book/Text/Offset 105 gsm8) 80lb Book/Text/Offset 120 gsm9) 100lb Book/Text/Offset 150 gsm10) 65lb Cover 175 gsm11) 80lb Cover 215 gsm12) 100lb Cover 270 gsm13) 130 lb Cover 350 gsm
Glei, D. A., & Horiuchi, S. (2007). The narrowing sex differential in life expectancy in high-income populations: Effects of differences in the age pattern of mortality. Population Studies, 61(2), 141–159. https://doi.org/10.1080/00324720701331433
Wilson, C. (2011). Understanding Global Demographic Convergence since 1950. Population and Development Review, 37(2), 375–388. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1728-4457.2011.00415.x
But, especially in recent decades, child mortality declines have contributed much less to increasing life expectancy8, and large declines in mortality are seen across all age groups.
Aburto, J. M., Villavicencio, F., Basellini, U., Kjærgaard, S., & Vaupel, J. W. (2020). Dynamics of life expectancy and life span equality. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 117(10), 5250–5259. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1915884117
Zijdeman, Richard and Filipa Ribeira da Silva (2015). Life Expectancy at Birth (Total). http://hdl.handle.net/10622/LKYT53 , accessed via the Clio Infra website.Zijdeman, R. L., & de Silva, F. R. (2014). Life expectancy since 1820.
This extraordinary rise is the result of a wide range of advances in health – in nutrition, clean water, sanitation, neonatal healthcare, antibiotics, vaccines, and other technologies and public health efforts – and improvements in living standards, economic growth, and poverty reduction.
Vaupel, J. W., Zhang, Z., & Van Raalte, A. A. (2011). Life expectancy and disparity: An international comparison of life table data. BMJ Open, 1(1), e000128–e000128. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2011-000128
This remarkable shift results from advances in medicine, public health, and living standards. Along with it, many predictions of the ‘limit’ of life expectancy have been broken.
Zarulli, V., Kashnitsky, I., & Vaupel, J. W. (2021). Death rates at specific life stages mold the sex gap in life expectancy. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 118(20), e2010588118. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2010588118
The first dot shows Sweden’s life expectancy of 46 in 1840, the highest of any country that year. Over time, the record was pushed higher and higher.
Drevenstedt, G. L., Crimmins, E. M., Vasunilashorn, S., & Finch, C. E. (2008). The rise and fall of excess male infant mortality. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 105(13), 5016–5021. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0800221105
The chart shows which country had the highest recorded female life expectancy in each year. It comes from a study by Jim Oeppen and James W Vaupel.14
Our articles and data visualizations rely on work from many different people and organizations. When citing this topic page, please also cite the underlying data sources. This topic page can be cited as:
On this page, you will find global data and research on life expectancy and related measures of longevity: the probability of death at a given age, the sex gap in life expectancy, lifespan inequality within countries, and more.
Vladimir Canudas-Romo, Nandita Saikia, & Nadia Diamond-Smith. (2016). The contribution of age-specific mortality towards male and female life expectancy differentials in India and selected States, 1970-2013. Asia-Pacific Population Journal, 30(2), 1–20. https://doi.org/10.18356/8ec0129d-en
Feraldi, A., & Zarulli, V. (2022). Patterns in age and cause of death contribution to the sex gap in life expectancy: A comparison among ten countries. Genus, 78(1), 23. https://doi.org/10.1186/s41118-022-00171-9
The data produced by third parties and made available by Our World in Data is subject to the license terms from the original third-party authors. We will always indicate the original source of the data in our documentation, so you should always check the license of any such third-party data before use and redistribution.
In 2021, the global average life expectancy was just over 70 years. This is an astonishing fact – because just two hundred years ago, it was less than half.
In 1928, an American statistician, Louis Dublin, used mortality data to predict the longest possible life expectancy that could be achieved. Life expectancy in the US was 57 years at the time, and his answer for the maximum was 64.8 years.15 Because he lacked data from New Zealand, he was unaware that the limit had already been broken there.
All visualizations, data, and code produced by Our World in Data are completely open access under the Creative Commons BY license. You have the permission to use, distribute, and reproduce these in any medium, provided the source and authors are credited.
Riley, J. C. (2005). Estimates of regional and global life expectancy, 1800–2001. Population and Development Review, 31(3), 537–543.
The large reduction in child mortality has played an important role in increasing life expectancy. But life expectancy has increased at all ages. Infants, children, adults, and the elderly are all less likely to die than in the past, and death is being delayed.
The horizontal lines on the chart show many predictions of the maximum limit of life expectancy. As you can see, the predictions have been broken again and again.
Bergeron-Boucher, M.-P., Alvarez, J.-A., Kashnitsky, I., & Zarulli, V. (2022). Probability of males to outlive females: An international comparison from 1751 to 2020. BMJ Open, 12(8), e059964. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2021-059964