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Yes, the vaccine has FDA approval to be given through age 45 years. However, it is not routinely recommended for most people ages 27 to 45. People in this age group are unlikely to benefit from the vaccine because they have likely been exposed to HPV already. If you are concerned that you are at risk for a new HPV infection, talk with your health care provider about whether HPV vaccination may be right for you.  Learn more about Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Vaccines.

Research has found that it can take 5 to 10 years for HPV-infected cervical cells to develop into precancers and about 20 years to develop into cancer.

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Learn about signs and symptoms for anal cancer, cervical cancer, oropharyngeal cancer, penile cancer, vaginal cancer, and vulvar cancer.

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HPV-related cancers in the United States: Each year in the United States there are over 47,100 new cases of cancer in parts of the body where HPV is often found. HPV is estimated to cause about 37,300 of these cancers, according to data from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.

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HPV infection passes easily between sexual partners. It can be transmitted through any intimate skin-to-skin contact, including vaginal–penile sex, penile–anal sex, penile–oral sex, and vaginal–oral sex. Correctly using condoms can lower the chance of HPV transmission, but does not prevent it completely.

When cervical cells are infected with high-risk HPV, several factors increase the chance that the HPV infection will be long-lasting and lead to precancerous cervical cells:

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In the United States, those who start the vaccine series before age 15 should receive two vaccine doses, and those who receive their first dose at age 15 or older should receive three doses. For young people who weren’t vaccinated within the age recommendations, HPV vaccination is recommended up to age 26.

HPV infection is common: Nearly all sexually active people, regardless of their sex, gender identity, or sexual orientation, are infected with HPV within months to a few years of becoming sexually active. Around half of these infections are with a high-risk HPV type.

Because smoking may increase the chance that high-grade dysplasia progresses to cancer, it’s important to quit. All states have quitlines with counselors who are trained to help smokers quit. Call 1-800-QUIT-NOW (800-784-8669) to talk with a counselor today. Find tools and tips to help you stop smoking.

Once high-risk HPV infects cervical cells, it interferes with the ways in which these cells replicate, divide, and communicate with one another, causing infected cells to multiply in an uncontrolled manner. These infected cells are usually recognized and controlled by the immune system. However, sometimes the infected cells remain and continue to grow, eventually forming an area of precancerous cells that, if not treated, can become cancer. Although research has focused on how high-risk HPV causes cancer in the cervix, HPV-caused cancers at other sites are likely to arise through similar mechanisms.

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Cervical dysplasia is referred to as cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN). Most people with moderate cervical dysplasia (CIN 2) or high-grade cervical dysplasia (CIN 3) are treated with loop electrosurgical excision procedure (LEEP) or cold knife conization. Talk with your health care provider to learn about the best treatment option for you.

Normal cells may become cancer cells. Before cancer cells form in tissues of the body, the cells go through abnormal changes called hyperplasia and dysplasia. Hyperplasia and dysplasia may or may not become cancer.

High-risk HPV infections that persist can cause cancer: Sometimes HPV infections are not successfully controlled by your immune system. When a high-risk HPV infection persists for many years, it can lead to cell changes that, if untreated, may get worse over time and become precancerous and then cancerous.

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Dysplasia is the abnormal growth of cells within a tissue or organ. Abnormal changes to epithelial cells caused by HPV infection can lead to dysplasia of the cervix, anus, oropharynx, penis, vagina, and vulva. Epithelial cell dysplasia is also known as intraepithelial neoplasia.

HPV-related cancers worldwide: HPV causes an estimated 630,000 cancers worldwide each year, accounting for about 5% of all cancers. Cervical cancer is the fourth most common cancer among women globally and caused an estimated 342,000 deaths in 2020, according to the World Health Organization.

The HPV vaccine Gardasil 9 protects against infection from nine HPV types, including the seven types that cause most HPV-related cancers (types 16, 18, 31, 33, 45, 52, and 58) and the two low-risk types that cause most genital warts (types 6 and 11).

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Screening tests are used to check for a disease or condition when there are no symptoms. The goal of screening is to find health problems early, when they may be easier to treat. Cervical cancer is currently the only HPV-caused cancer for which FDA-approved screening tests are available. Because there are not effective screening tests to find HPV-related cancers other than cervical cancer, it’s important to follow up with your health care provider about unusual symptoms. When caught early, many of these cancers can be successfully treated.

Most HPV infections go away on their own without causing cancer: Your immune system usually controls HPV infections so they are cleared by your body, within a year or two.

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These types of moderate or high-grade dysplasia may be treated with surgery (such as wide local excision) or topical treatments: anal dysplasia (also called anal intraepithelial neoplasia, or AIN), penile dysplasia (also called penile intraepithelial neoplasia, or PeIN), vaginal dysplasia (also called vaginal intraepithelial neoplasia, or VAIN), and vulvar dysplasia (also called vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia, or VIN).

If you have been diagnosed with moderate or high-grade dysplasia, your health care provider will talk with you about your treatment options.

Long-lasting infections with high-risk HPVs can cause cancer in parts of the body where HPV infects cells. HPV infects the thin, flat cells (squamous cells) that line the inner surfaces of these organs. Most HPV-related cancers are called squamous cell carcinomas. Some cervical cancers come from HPV infection of glandular cells in the cervix and are called adenocarcinomas.

Clinical trials are an important step in learning about better ways to prevent, diagnose, and treat diseases, such as cancers caused by HPV. NCI’s Cancer Information Service can help you learn about HPV-related trials in the United States.

HPV vaccination can prevent cancer: HPV vaccines can prevent infection with disease-causing HPV types, preventing many HPV-related cancers and cases of genital warts.

Infection with low-risk HPV: Infection with low-risk HPV may cause warts on or around the genitals, anus, mouth, or throat.

The HPV vaccine series is recommended for girls and boys at the age of 11 or 12, and the series can be started at age 9. It is important for everyone to get vaccinated, because anyone, regardless of their gender, can develop HPV-related cancers. Vaccination can also reduce the spread of HPV that causes cancer to other people.

Infection with high-risk HPV: Infection with high-risk HPV does not cause symptoms. However, depending on the site of infection, the precancers and cancers caused by a high-risk HPV infection that persists for many years may cause symptoms such as lumps, bleeding, and pain.

HPV can cause six types of cancer: These include anal cancer, cervical cancer, oropharyngeal cancer, penile cancer, vaginal cancer, and vulvar cancer.

HPV is a group of more than 200 related viruses, some of which are spread through vaginal, anal, or oral sex. Sexually transmitted HPV types fall into two groups: low risk and high risk.