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Callow, K. A., Parry, H. R, Sergeant, M., and Tyrrell, D. A. J., 1990, The time course of the immune response to experimental coronavirus infection of man, Epidemiol. Infect. 105:435.

McIntosh, K., Bruckova, M., Kapikian, A. Z., Chanock, R., and Turner, H., 1970a, Studies on new virus isolates recovered in tracheal organ culture, Ann. NY Acad. Sci., 174:983.

Owen-Hendley, J. O., Fishburne, H. B., and Gwaltney, J. M., 1972, Coronavirus infections in working adults, Am. Rev. Resp. Dis. 105:805.

Hierholzer, J. C., and Tannock, G. A., 1977, Quantitation of antibody to nonhaemagglutinating viruses by single radial haemolysis: Serological test for human coronaviruses, J. Clin. Microbiol. 5:613.

Chaloner-Larsson, G., and Johnson-Lussenberg, C. M., 1981, Establishment and maintenance of a persistent infection of L132 cells by human coronavirus strain 229E, Arch. Virol 69:117.

Riski, H., Hovi, T., Vaananen, P., and Penttinen, K., 1977, Antibodies to human coronavirus OC 43 measured by radial haemolysis in gel, Scand. J. Infect. Dis. 9:75.

Bende, M., Barrow, G. I., Heptonstall, J., Higgins, P. G., Al-Nakib, W., Tyrrell, D. A. J., and Akerlund, A., 1989, Changes in human nasal mucosa during experimental coronavirus commun colds, Acta Otolaryngol. 107:262.

Tyrrell, D. A. J., Mika-Johnson, M., Philips, G., Douglas, W. H. J., Chappie, P. J., 1979, Infection of cultured human type II pneumocytes with certain respiratory viruses, Infect. Immun. 26:621.

Gerna, G., Cattaneo, E., Cereda, P. M., Revelo, M. G., and Achilli, G., 1980, Human coronavirus serum inhibitor and neutralizing antibody by a new plaque-reduction assay, Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 163:360.

MacNaughton, M. R., 1982, Occurrence and frequency of coronavirus infections in humans as determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, Infect. Immun. 38:419.

Tyrrell, D. A. J., and Bynoe, M. L., 1965, Cultivation of a novel type of common cold virus in organ culture, Br. Med. J. 1:1467.

Tyrrell, D. A. J., Almeida, J. D., Berry, D. M., Cunningham, C. H., Hamre, D., Hofstad, M. S., Malluci, L., and Mcintosh, K., 1968a, Coronaviruses, Nature 220:650.

Hovanec, D. L., and Flanagan, T. D., 1933, Detection of antibodies to human coronaviruses 229E and OC43 in the sera of multiple sclerosis patients and normal subjects, Infect. Immun. 41:426.

McIntosh, K., Chao, R. K., Krause, H. E., Wasil, R., Mocega, H. E., and Mufson, M. A., 1974, coronavirus infections in lower respiratory tract disease of infants, J. Infect. Dis. 130:502.

Myint, S., Harmsen, D., Raabe, T, and Siddell, S. G., 1990, Characterisation of a nucleic acid probe for the diagnosis of human coronavirus 229E infections, J. Med. Virol. 31:165.

Kapikian, A. Z., James, H. D., Kelly, S. J., Dees, J. H., Turner, H. C., Mcintosh, K., Kim, H. W., Parrott, R. H., Vincent, M. M., and Chanock, R., 1969, Isolation from man of “avian infectious bronchitis virus-like” viruses (coronaviruses) similiar to 229E virus with some epidemiological observations, J. Infect. Dis. 119:282.

Gerna, G., Cereda, P. M., Revello, M. G., Torsellini Gerna, M., and Costa, J., 1979, A rapid micro-neutralisation test for antibody determination and serodiagnosis of human coronavirus OC 43 infections, Microbiologica 2:331.

McIntosh, K., Ellis, E. F., Hoffmann, L. S., Lybass, T. G., Eller, J. J., and Fulginiti, V. A., 1973, The association of viral and bacterial respiratory infections with exacerbations of wheezing in young asthmatic children, J. Paediatr. 82:579.

Tanaka, R., Iwasaki, Y., and Koprowski, H., 1976, Intracisternal virus-like particles in brain of a multiple sclerosis patient, J. Neurol. Sci. 28:121.

Cavallaro, J. J., and Monto, A. S., 1970, Community-wide outbreak of infection with a 229E-like coronavirus in Tecumseh, Michigan, J. Infect. Dis. 122:272.

McIntosh, K., Dees, J. H., Becker, W. B., Kapikian, A. Z., and Chanock, R. M., 1967a, Recovery in tracheal organ cultures of novel viruses from patients with respiratory disease, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 57:933.

Sorensen, O., Collins, A., Flintoff, W., Ebers, G., and Dales, S., 1986, Probing for the human coronavirus OC43 in multiple sclerosis, Neurology 35:1604.

Tyrrell, D. A. J., Bynoe, M. L., and Hoorn, B., 1968b, Cultivation of “difficult” viruses from patients with common colds, Br. Med. J. 1:606.

Leinikki, P. O., Holmes, K. V, Shekarchi, I., Iivainen, M., Madden, D., Sever, J. L., 1981, Coronavirus antibodies in patients with multiple sclerosis, Adv. Exp. Med. Biol. 142:323.

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Myint, S., Johnstone, S., Sanderson, G., and Simpson, H., 1994, The evaluation of “nested” RT-PCR for the detection of human coronaviruses 229E and OC43 in clinical specimens, Mol. Cell. Probes. 8:357.

Isaacs, D., Flowers, D., Clarke, J. R., Valman, H. B., and MacNaughton, M. R., 1983, Epdemiology of coronavirus respiratory infections, Arch. Dis. Child. 58:500.

Kaye, H. S., Marsh, H. B., and Dowdle, W. R., 1971, Seroepidemiologic survey of coronavirus (strain OC43) related infections in a children population, Am. J. Epidemiol. 94:43.

Hovi, T., 1978, Nonspecific inhibitors of coronavirus OC43 haemagglutination in human sera, Med. Microbiol. Immunol. 166:1773.

Myint, S., and Tyrrell, D. A. J., 1994, Coronaviruses, in: Diagnostic Procedures for Viral, Rickettsial and Chlamydial Infections (E. H. Lenette, E. T. Lennette, and D. A. Lennette, eds.), pp. 709–723. American Public Health Association, Berkeley, CA.

Gerdes, J. C., Klein, L, DeVald, B. L., and Burks, J. S. , 1981, coronavirus isolates SK and SD from multiple sclerosis patients are serologically related to murine coronaviruses A59 and JHM and human coronavirus OC43, but not to human coronavirus 229E, J. Virol. 38:231.

Kraaijeveld, C. A., Reed, S. E., and MacNaughton, M. R., 1980, Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detection of antibody in volunteers experimentally infected with human coronavirus strain 229E, J. Clin. Microbiol. 12:493.

Madden, D. L., Wallen, W. C., Houff, S. A., Leinikki, P. A., Sever, J. L., Holmes, K. A., Castellano, G. A., and Shekarchi, I. C., 1981, coronavirus antibodies in sera from patients with multiple sclerosis and matched controls, Arch. Neurol. 38:209.

Reed, S. E., 1984, The behaviour of recent isolates of human respiratory coronavirus in vitro and in volunteers: Evidence of heterogeneity among 229E-related strains, J. Med. Virol. 13:179.

Bradburne, A. R, Bynoe, M. L., and Tyrrell, D. A. J., 1967, Effects of a “new” human respiratory virus in volunteers, Br. Med. J. 3:767.

Weiss, S. R., 1983, Coronaviruses SD and SK share extensive nucleotide homology with murine coronavirus MHV-A59, more than that shared between human and murine coronaviruses, Virology 126:669.

Almeida, J. D., and Tyrrell, D. A. J., 1967, The morphology of three previously uncharacterised human respiratory viruses that grow in organ culture, J. Gen. Virol 1:175.

McIntosh, K., Kapikian, A. Z., Hardison, K. A., Hartley, J. W., and Chanock, R. M., 1969, Antigenic relationships among the coronaviruses of man and between human and animal coronaviruses, J. Immunol 102:1109.

Hamre, D., and Procknow, J. J., 1966, A new virus isolated from the human respiratory tract, Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. 121:190.

Hamre, D., and Beem, M., 1972, Virologic studies of acute respiratory disease in young adults. V. coronavirus 229E infections during six years of surveillance, Am. J. Epidemiol. 96:94.

Monto, A. S., and Lim, S. K., 1974, The Tecumseh study of respiratory illness. VI. Frequency of and relationship between outbreaks of coronavirus infection, J. Infect. Dis. 129:271.

McIntosh, K., Kapikian, A. Z., Turner, H. C., Hartley, J. W., Parrott, R. H., and Chanock, R. M., 1970b, Seroepidemiologic studies of coronavirus infection in adults and children, Am. J. Epidemiol. 91:585.

MacNaughton, M. R., Flowers, D., and Isaacs, D., 1983, Diagnosis of human coronavirus infections in children using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, J. Med. Virol. 11:319.

Gerna, G., Achilli, G., Cattaneo, E., and Cereda, P., 1978, Determination of coronavirus 229E antibody by an immune-adherence haemagglutination method, J. Med. Virol. 2:215.

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Schmidt, O. W., and Kenny, G. E., 1982, Polypeptides and functions of antigens from human coronaviruses 229E and OC 43, Infect. Immun. 35:515.

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McIntosh, K., Becker, W. B., and Chanock, R. M., 1967b, Growth in suckling mice brain of IBV-like viruses from patients with upper respiratory tract disease, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 58:2268.

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Myint, S., Siddell, S., and Tyrrell, D., 1989, Detection of human coronavirus 229E in nasal washings using RNA:RNA hybridisation, J. Med. Virol. 29:70.

Schmidt, O. W., 1984, Antigenic characterisation of human coronaviruses 229E and OC43 by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, J. Clin. Microbiol. 20:175.

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Riski, H., and Hovi, T., 1980, Coronavirus infections of man associated with diseases other than the common cold, J. Med. Virol. 6:259.

Salmi, A., Ziola, B., Hovi, T., and Reunanen, M., 1982, Antibodies to coronaviruses OC43 and 229E in multiple sclerosis patients, Neurology 32:292.

Bruckova, M., Mcintosh, K., Kapikian, A. Z., and Chanock, R. M., 1970, The adaptation of two human coronavirus strains (OC38 and OC43) to growth in cell monolayers, Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 135:431.

Larson, H. E., Reed, S. E., and Tyrrell, D. A. J., 1980, Isolation of rhinoviruses and coronaviruses from 38 colds in adults, J. Med. Virol. 5:221.

Hamre, D., Kindig, D. A., and Mann, J., 1967, Growth and intracellular development of a new respiratory virus, J. Virol. 1:810.

Arnold, W., Klein, M., Wang, J. B., Schmidt, W. A. K., and Trampisch, H. J., 1981, Coronavirus-associated antibodies in nasopharyngeal carcinoma and infectious mononucleosis, Arch. Otorhinolaryngol. 232:165.

Bradburne, A. F., 1972, An investigation of the replication of coronaviruses in suspension cultures of L132 cells, Arch. Gesamte Virusforsch. 34:297.

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Philpotts, R., 1983, Clones of MRC-c cells may be superior to the parent line for the culture of 229E- like strains of human respiratory Coronavirus, J. Virol. Methods 6:267.

The first report of a human coronavirus was in 1965 when Tyrrell and Bynoe (1965) isolated a virus from the nasal washings of a male child. The child had typical symptoms and signs of a common cold and the washing was found to be able to induce common colds in volunteers challenged intranasally. The virus, termed B814 (after the number of the nasal washing), could be cultivated in human embryo tracheal organ tissue but not in cell lines used at that time for growing other known etiologic agents of the common cold. At the same time, Hamre and Procknow (1966) were characterizing five “new” agents isolated from the respiratory tract of medical students with colds. One of these agents, strain 229E, was adapted to grow in WI-38 cells. Subsequently, Almeida and Tyrrell (1967) showed that these isolates were morphologically identical to the viruses of avian bronchitis and mouse hepatitis. Mcintosh and colleagues (1967a), working at the National Institutes of Health in Bethesda, then isolated six morphologically related viruses that could not be adapted to cell monolayer culture but would grow in organ cultures. Two of these isolates, OC (for organ culture) 38 and 43 were then adapted to grow in suckling mice brain. The term “Coronavirus,” which described the characteristic morphology of these agents, was accepted in 1968 (Tyrrell et al., 1968a).